tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26059870404357377972024-03-12T22:59:49.822-07:00Clinical Chemistry Blog Notes 2FOhDizzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00611280124415996729noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605987040435737797.post-67156792927369051262012-07-16T09:00:00.002-07:002013-04-14T00:20:02.802-07:00A GLIMPSE on TOXICOLOGY...<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">“What is there that <span style="background-color: white;">is not poison? All </span><span style="background-color: white;">things are poison </span><span style="background-color: white;">and nothing without </span><span style="background-color: white;">poison. Solely, the </span><span style="background-color: white;">dose determines </span><span style="background-color: white;">that a thing is not </span><span style="background-color: white;">a poison”</span></span></blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">- Paracelsus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">"TOXIC" is the root word from the word toxicology. As a medical technology student, studying comes with stress. <span style="background-color: white;">I remember back then, the word "toxic" was used to describe the times when we do our research, submit a lot of requirements at the same time and study for a quiz or exam. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Stress is like poison to our lives. It's like it kills us slowly by indulging us to exhaustion, hence the word toxic. </span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZKbUvmqfP-lvMHyUwqD771k63IvgbaVyH7xwSnKgI0LEpy8le-tD5xFCiUiNCgFJ8ehlPlbRzjmTELABcCYNhmeJmx93FVKz650Jb5UH29cGVPDA_-mF-mhULK4vbRTZ25o7KWtn5wju/s1600/stress3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="231" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVZKbUvmqfP-lvMHyUwqD771k63IvgbaVyH7xwSnKgI0LEpy8le-tD5xFCiUiNCgFJ8ehlPlbRzjmTELABcCYNhmeJmx93FVKz650Jb5UH29cGVPDA_-mF-mhULK4vbRTZ25o7KWtn5wju/s320/stress3.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><a href="http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/stress3.jpg">http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/stress3.jpg</a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Poisons are also called drugs. Everyone of us use drugs and usually for the purpose of treating our illnesses. As a future doctor, it is of great importance to study these drugs as to their function and mechanisms inside the body as wrong prescription may endanger the lives of the patient and possible, may lead to their death.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">In order to prevent these mistakes, we need to study drugs, its function and mechanism and with this, TOXICOLOGY is what we need.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">I. INTRODUCTION</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">What is TOXICOLOGY?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Toxicology is the study of how natural or man-made poisons cause undesirable effects in <span style="background-color: white;">living organisms.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">On the other hand, </span><span style="background-color: white;">poison can be defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, </span><span style="background-color: white;">either by accident or design, to a living organism. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Definition of terms:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Toxicity -<span style="background-color: white;"> the degree to which a </span><span style="background-color: white;">substance is poisonous or can cause injury</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Toxic - </span><span style="background-color: white;">This term relates to poisonous or deadly effects on the </span><span style="background-color: white;">body by inhalation (breathing), ingestion (eating), or absorption, or by </span><span style="background-color: white;">direct contact with a chemical.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Toxicant - any chemical that can injure or kill <span style="background-color: white;">humans, animals, or plants; a poison.</span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Toxin - term used for toxic substances produced naturally</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">II. Sub-fields of Toxicology</span></div>
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<span style="color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">There are various specialized subdisciplines within the field of toxicology that concern diverse chemical and biological aspects of this area.</span>
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<span style="color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">The field of toxicology can be further divided into the following sub-disciplines or sub</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">specialities: </span></span></div>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Environmental Toxicology is concerned with the study of chemicals that </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">contaminate food, water, soil, or the atmosphere. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology is concerned with health effects from </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">exposure to chemicals in the workplace. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Regulatory Toxicology gathers and evaluates existing toxicological </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">information to establish concentration-based standards of “safe” exposure. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Food Toxicology is involved in delivering a safe and edible supply of food </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">to the consumer. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Clinical Toxicology is concerned with diseases and illnesses associated </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">with short term or long term exposure to toxic chemicals. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Descriptive Toxicology is concerned with gathering toxicological </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">information from animal experimentation. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Forensic Toxicology is used to help establish cause and effect </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">relationships between exposure to a drug or chemical and the toxic or </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">lethal effects that result from that exposure. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Analytical toxicology identifies the toxicant through analysis of body </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">fluids, stomach content, excrement, or skin. </span></li>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">Mechanistic Toxicology makes observations on how toxic substances </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #616161; font-family: Verdana; font-size: x-small; line-height: 18px;">cause their effects. </span></li>
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OhDizzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00611280124415996729noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2605987040435737797.post-30550633401006580712012-05-21T07:48:00.001-07:002012-05-21T07:48:56.110-07:00ENDOCRINOLOGY<br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><span style="font-size: large;"> HORMONES.</span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> That’s the first word
that comes into my mind whenever I hear the word endocrinology. From what I
know, hormones are the one responsible for the pimples and mood swings whenever
our monthly period comes. Though hormones may seem to be making it hard for us
at some point, its still important that we have this as this will balance
everything that happens inside our body. Hormones may seem to be doing simple
things but in truth, it is much more than we know of it. Of course, hormones are
not produced anywhere in our body. They are produce by several organs which are
collectively called the “Endocrine Glands”. The endocrine glands include the
pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and pineal glands. Together with these glands and other
hormone-secreting cells, these will constitute of what we call the Endocrine
System. With this, we need to study endocrinology in order to know how these
glands work inside our body.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIUDzpzDGn9gU9Dh_nXJW8WJCV6ilZGTBKNp90frIT6AuAg4YDanHcOfS5oxGmwfDZxzXtz0q7_p9vQT4HGy0nmB1Lm1nV4ZbOUDCsMcPUxqZYa4ozgrMswL39L_NYF9OUwG9MmbdxahvS/s1600/Endocrinology.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIUDzpzDGn9gU9Dh_nXJW8WJCV6ilZGTBKNp90frIT6AuAg4YDanHcOfS5oxGmwfDZxzXtz0q7_p9vQT4HGy0nmB1Lm1nV4ZbOUDCsMcPUxqZYa4ozgrMswL39L_NYF9OUwG9MmbdxahvS/s320/Endocrinology.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-large;"><i>WHAT IS ENDOCRINOLOGY?</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> According to Tortora,
Endocrinology is the science that deals with the structure and function of
these glands, and includes the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine
system. This system consist of complex organs that deals with the synthesis of
hormones to form new molecules, stimulation of the transport process of a
substance into the target cell and change the rate of a particular metabolic
reaction. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;"> With these functions of the
endocrine system, balance is maintained in our body. A sign of disruption to
the system is the presence of disorders like goiter and acromegaly. Thus, in
order to return the normal function of the system, treatment will be given to
the patient such as thyroidectomy if patient experience goiter.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQmbnw3Rk1U_tbxpo7yKApnijRlL0y1-uKxxuraJQT9WjKqatO65CKaFvIfJp7A1tHWyBQSUb7Vbg0XbRmKfAjN0KCkcMBjHMU7VySSWFs6AvMdmXji299D4r8uN39-4gLC4Zyq3cs0mDD/s1600/goiter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQmbnw3Rk1U_tbxpo7yKApnijRlL0y1-uKxxuraJQT9WjKqatO65CKaFvIfJp7A1tHWyBQSUb7Vbg0XbRmKfAjN0KCkcMBjHMU7VySSWFs6AvMdmXji299D4r8uN39-4gLC4Zyq3cs0mDD/s320/goiter.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Goiter</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN-GLyXfqBDOhrJtd9M2Xe17WLGYzP7RJTk1H8TUe50yAegrpEhc92aeR1nqjQw-P0rKCunlsF1gIMt0FQqSQpDAkvY_c5r98tnbTHLurpRlqG8hweYZMwuuFPTCz1qpqfBNHDCHofiBit/s1600/Acromegaly1-1024x341.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN-GLyXfqBDOhrJtd9M2Xe17WLGYzP7RJTk1H8TUe50yAegrpEhc92aeR1nqjQw-P0rKCunlsF1gIMt0FQqSQpDAkvY_c5r98tnbTHLurpRlqG8hweYZMwuuFPTCz1qpqfBNHDCHofiBit/s320/Acromegaly1-1024x341.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<o:p><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;">Acromegaly</span></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">References:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Tortora, G., Derrickson B.
(2009). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 12<sup>th</sup> Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chapter 17</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Calbreath, D. (1998). Clinical
Chemistry: A Fundamental Textbook, WB Saunders Company, Chapter 14</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Images credited to:<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <a href="http://www.kefaya.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Endocrinology.jpg">http://www.kefaya.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Endocrinology.jpg</a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/17071.htm">http://www.umm.edu/imagepages/17071.htm</a>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-small;"><a href="http://medcert.com/acromegaly/">http://medcert.com/acromegaly/</a></span></div>OhDizzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00611280124415996729noreply@blogger.com0